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Biology is one of the most important concepts in biology.  에볼루션 카지노 사이트  are committed to helping those who are interested in the sciences comprehend the evolution theory and how it can be applied in all areas of scientific research.

This site provides a range of sources for students, teachers and general readers of evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many spiritual traditions and cultures as a symbol of unity and love. It also has practical applications, such as providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in environmental conditions.

Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of organisms into distinct categories that were distinguished by physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, which relied on sampling of different parts of living organisms, or small fragments of their DNA significantly expanded the diversity that could be included in a tree of life2. The trees are mostly composed by eukaryotes, and bacteria are largely underrepresented3,4.

By avoiding the need for direct experimentation and observation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way. In particular, molecular methods allow us to build trees using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.

The Tree of Life has been dramatically expanded through genome sequencing. However, there is still much diversity to be discovered. This is especially true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and are usually present in a single sample5. A recent study of all genomes that are known has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including a large number of archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6.

This expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific region and determine if particular habitats require special protection.  에볼루션  is useful in a variety of ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and enhancing crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying areas most likely to have cryptic species, which could have important metabolic functions, and could be susceptible to the effects of human activity. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential however, the most effective method to preserve the world's biodiversity is for more people living in developing countries to be empowered with the necessary knowledge to act locally to promote conservation from within.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) depicts the relationships between different organisms. Using molecular data as well as morphological similarities and distinctions or ontogeny (the course of development of an organism) scientists can construct an phylogenetic tree that demonstrates the evolution of taxonomic groups. Phylogeny plays a crucial role in understanding genetics, biodiversity and evolution.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) determines the relationship between organisms that share similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits are either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are similar in terms of their evolutionary path. Analogous traits could appear similar but they don't have the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping known as a Clade. Every organism in a group have a common characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor with these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is then constructed by connecting the clades to identify the organisms who are the closest to one another.

For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree, scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to identify the connections between organisms. This data is more precise than morphological information and gives evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. The use of molecular data lets researchers identify the number of species that have an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age.

The phylogenetic relationships of organisms can be influenced by several factors including phenotypic plasticity, an aspect of behavior that alters in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar to one species than to another, obscuring the phylogenetic signals. However, this issue can be cured by the use of techniques such as cladistics that include a mix of analogous and homologous features into the tree.

Additionally, phylogenetics aids determine the duration and rate at which speciation takes place. This information can aid conservation biologists in making choices about which species to safeguard from disappearance. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic variety which will create an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.

Evolutionary Theory

The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. A variety of theories about evolution have been proposed by a variety of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve slowly according to its needs and needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits can cause changes that can be passed on to offspring.

In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from a variety of fields--including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the current evolutionary theory synthesis, which defines how evolution occurs through the variation of genes within a population, and how these variants change in time as a result of natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift or mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is a cornerstone of modern evolutionary biology and can be mathematically explained.

Recent advances in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variation can be introduced to a species by genetic drift, mutations, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, and even migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as directional selection or genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of the genotype over time) can lead to evolution which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, and also by changes in phenotype as time passes (the expression of the genotype within the individual).

Students can better understand phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance revealed that teaching students about the evidence for evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology course. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, please see The Evolutionary Potential in All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Traditionally, scientists have studied evolution through looking back--analyzing fossils, comparing species, and studying living organisms. However, evolution isn't something that happened in the past; it's an ongoing process, happening right now. Bacteria transform and resist antibiotics, viruses reinvent themselves and elude new medications and animals alter their behavior to the changing climate. The resulting changes are often easy to see.

It wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was also in action. The key is that different characteristics result in different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be transferred from one generation to the next.

In the past when one particular allele--the genetic sequence that determines coloration--appeared in a group of interbreeding organisms, it could quickly become more prevalent than all other alleles. Over time, that would mean the number of black moths within the population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

The ability to observe evolutionary change is much easier when a species has a rapid turnover of its generation, as with bacteria. Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain; samples of each population are taken regularly, and over 50,000 generations have now passed.

Lenski's research has shown that mutations can drastically alter the rate at which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it evolves.  This Internet page  proves that evolution is slow-moving, a fact that some people find difficult to accept.

Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes that are resistant to pesticides show up more often in populations in which insecticides are utilized. This is because pesticides cause a selective pressure which favors individuals who have resistant genotypes.

The rapidity of evolution has led to a growing appreciation of its importance particularly in a world which is largely shaped by human activities. This includes the effects of climate change, pollution and habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make smarter decisions regarding the future of our planet, and the life of its inhabitants.